Kingdoms of central asia bactria the history files. It should be noted that the term satrap is also found in the old testament of the holy bible in the books of esther, ezra, and most commonly in daniel. Herodotus tells us that atossa had greek slaves and servants. Instantly he sent off messengers to make proclamation through the.
Hystaspes satrap of parthia abt 588 bc abt 521 bc contents. Pissuthnes, also known as pissouthnes, old persian pisisyaothna, greek. Third king of the persian achaemenid empire 550486 bc. Following the course of the oxus river from high up on the iranian plateau, cyrus made himself master first of the land of sogdia. In this article a list of the most famous iranian satraps as related to their respective satrapies provinces will be presented and studied. This is the kingdom which i hold, from the sacae who are beyond sogdia to kush, and from sind old persian. Xerxes attending the lashing and chaining of the hellespont illustration from 1909 darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the athenians, naxians, and eretrians for their interference in the ionian revolt, the burning of sardis and their victory over the persians at marathon. A bronze age culture emerged in central asia around 22001700 bc, at the same time as city states were beginning to flourish in anatolia.
A satrap was a regional governor in charge of a province within the persian empire. The son of arsames, hystaspes was a member of the persian royal house of the achaemenids. The book of daniel corrects this impression, and prepares israel for the period that is to intervene between the close of the captivity and the advent of the messiah. According to herodotus, hystaspes was the satrap of persis, although most. In the first six he treats of assyrian affairs and of events before the foundation of the persian empire, and only begins to treat of persian affairs in the seventh book. Upon the usurpation of the magian smerdis, he conspired with six other persian chiefs to overthrow the impostor and on the. C artaxerxes at that time had but a little hold on life, by reason of his extreme age, and so, when he heard of the fate of arsames, he could not sustain it at all, but sinking at once under the weight of his grief and distress, expired, after a life of ninetyfour years, and a reign of sixtytwo. Khreseis hystaspou, a collection of prophecies ascribed to vistaspa, the patron and follower of zarathustra, whom the middle iranian and part of the ancient tradition also identified with dariuss father j. Hystaspes satrap van partie was born in the year 500 bc, son of arsames koning van persie.
Archaeology sheds light on ancient persian king darius. According to herodotus, hystaspes was the satrap of persis, although most historians state. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app. Born into the persian royal family, as son of hystaspes, satrap provincial governor of parthia.
Free download or read online the complete persepolis pdf epub book. Darius ordered ariaramnes, satrap of cappadocia, to cross over into scythia, and carry off a number of prisoners, male and female. Darius the great and persia at its greatest extent brewminate. These officials were among the eight classes of officials that king nebuchadnezzar 605562 bc appointed in babylon. Arsames was the father of hystaspes, satrap of parthia, of pharnaces, satrap of phrygia and of megabates, general. Son of hystaspes, satrap of bactria and princess rhodah. Photius excerpt of ctesias persica pr read the persica of ctesias of cnidus in twentythree books. Hystaspes in william smith, editor 1848 a dictionary of greek biography and mythology, london. Aug 04, 2019 lets look at this 2500 year old inscription from darius i. Achaemenes became the persian satrap of egypt, probably in 485.
In order to effectively administer this vast empire, the. According to herodotus, hystaspes was the satrap of persis, although the french iranologist pierre briant states that this is an error. This claim of diodorus conflicts with the version of ctesias that an artaban not to be confused with the murderer of. Darius was the son of hystaspes, the satrap provincial governor of parthia.
When the persian people threw off hellenistic rule and unified once more as the parthian empire 247 bce 224 ce, they retained the satrapy system. Darius i, king of persia in 522486 bc, one of the greatest rulers of the achaemenid dynasty, who was noted for his administrative genius and for his building projects. This led cyrus to order hystaspes to go back to persis, and watch over his son strictly, until cyrus himself. Oracles of hystaspes the oracles of hystaspes are unfortunately lost. It was said to have been founded by megarians and argives under byzas about 6s7 b. Satrap article about satrap by the free dictionary. Darius, the son of hystaspes the founder of the persoarian dynasty. He was the father of darius i, king of the achaemenid empire, and artabanus, who was a trusted advisor to both his brother darius as well as dariuss son and successor, xerxes i. But artabanus, the son of hystaspes, and uncle of xerxes, trusting to.
After cyrus death in december, he was succeeded by his son cambyses, who may have appointed hystaspes as satrap governor of parthia. Also known as xerxes the great he was the fourth zoroastrian king of kings of the achamenid empire. The ancient name hakhamanish or achaemenes becomes the dynastic title and the persian rulers are henceforth known as the achaemenids. And we have examples of this such as in the old testament with babylonian and persian kings writing. Iranian historythe era of the three dariuses wikibooks. This brief civil war is ended when artaxerxes defeats the forces of hystaspes in battle during a sandstorm.
And she cuts off holofernes head when he is too drunk to know what is happening. At its greatest extent, the achaemenids ruled over an empire that stretched from the indus valley in the east to the balkans in the west, and from the black sea in the north to the red sea in the south. Satraps are mentioned in the biblical books of ezra, esther, and. Darius was greatly grieved and ordered the heads of the forty men who were responsible to be cut off. It pleased darius that this darius was the cyaxares of xenophon, as has been observed in note on daniel 5.
Satraps are also mentioned in the books of ezra and esther. The latter was able to ward off an army sent by vahyazdata already on 29 december. Historians also relate that the indians worship jupiter ombrius or, the rainy, the river ganges, and the indigenous deities of the country. According to some sources, this was rather gaumata who pretended to be smerdis, and that smerdis had been murdered by his brother, cambyses 2 the preceding year. Xerxes the great project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. The book was published in multiple languages including english, consists of 341 pages and is available in paperback format. With astyages out of power, all of his vassals including many of cyruss relatives. The record of events extends to the third year of cyrus, 536 b.
He wrote extensively on darius, spanning half of book 3 along with books 4, 5 and 6. Darius i commonly known as darius the great, was the third persian king of kings of the. All this he said, because he longed for adventures, and hoped to become satrap of. Also called darius the great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of west asia, the caucasus, parts of the balkans thracemacedonia and paeonia, most of the black sea coastal regions, parts of the north caucasus, central asia. Darius father hystaspes was satrap in parthia, and his colleagues in bactria and arachosia, dadarsi and vivana, remained loyal too. Sailing off salamis in cyprus, they fought with the phoenicians, cyprians, and cilicians by land and sea.
Secondly, as to the objections made against the book of daniel on the ground of the number or character of the miracles recorded, we shall only say that they affect the whole christian system, which is full of the miraculous from beginning to end. In fact, parthia was originally a satrapy in northeastern persia, which went on to conquer most of the neighboring satrapies. Satraps of the persian empire rebellious protectors of. The history of herodotus rawlinsonbook 7 wikisource, the free. He was married to meshar bint salathiel, they gave birth to 1 child. The behistun inscription of darius states that his father was satrap of bactria in 522 bce.
Artaxerxes ii mnemon, king of persia and egypt died 0359 b. After initial successes and the execution of the last pharaoh, cambyses goes crazy. Bce but had thrown off persian rule, at least of the delta region, by 411 bce. When his father was assassinated by the vizier artabanus, hystaspes younger brother artaxerxes i ascended the throne.
In death of the wicked king 199697, he argues that with 2 baruch, the oracles of hystaspes preserved in lactantius divinae institutiones and the qumran literature pesher isaiah 4q161, war rule 4q285, 1qm we are dealing with a single apocalyptic tradition involving the death of the wicked king p. The principal contemporary sources for his history are his own inscriptions, especially the great trilingual inscription on the bisitun behistun rock at the village of the same name, in which he tells how he gained the throne. However, his son cambyses was the heir to the throne, not darius, causing cyrus to wonder if darius was forming treasonable and ambitious designs. C2 he was the son of king of persia arsames achaemenid. An officer in his entourage, darius, son of the satrap hystaspes, and a member of the royal family by a collateral line, immediately claimed the throne. The book of daniel, according to its own testimony, is the record of the life and prophetic revelations given to daniel, a captive jew carried off to babylon after the first conquest of jerusalem by nebuchadnezzar in 605 b. In any case, he must have been one of the longestsurviving royals anywhere in the world at that time, probably living well into his nineties. He commanded a part of the persian navy during xerxes campaign against the greeks. Hystaspes was the second son of the persian king xerxes i. Hystaspes article about hystaspes by the free dictionary. Judith flirts with holofernes and leads him on by flattery.
Pdf the complete persepolis book by marjane satrapi free. Also called darius the great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of west asia, the caucasus, parts of the balkans thracemacedonia and paeonia, most of the black sea coastal regions, parts of the north caucasus, central asia, as far as the indus valley in the far. Sep 08, 2018 on the other hand, darius situation was not without hope. She lies to him about israels plan to eat forbidden foods and so commit sin in gods eyes, thus insuring its defeat by the assyrians. Hystaspes was a leading figure of authority in persia, which was the homeland of the persians. Darius was born as the eldest of five sons to hystaspes and rhodugune in 550 bce. Olmsteads book history of the persian empire, darius the. Darius was the eldest of five sons citation needed to hystaspes and rhodugune in 550 bce. Accepted by the army, he marched eastward into media, brought gaumata to heel, and executed him 2000, p. I am darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of hystaspes, an achaemenid, a persian, son of a per. Outside of the book of daniel there is no mention of darius the mede by name, though there are good reasons for identifying him with gubaru, or ugbaru, the governor of gutium, who is said in the nabunaidcyrus chronicle to have been appointed by cyrus as his governor of babylon after its capture from the chaldeans.
However, he was sent back to persis to keep watch over his eldest son, darius, whom cyrus, after a dream. Because even pagans can receive divine inspiration and write it down for us. The achaemenid empire was an ancient empire whose heartland was the region of persis, in the southwestern part of modernday iran. Darius inscription states that his father was satrap of bactria in 522 bce. The history of the peloponnesian war, book i, chapter iv. This darius is probably the same as astyages, the last king of the medes. Dariuss inscription states that his father was satrap of bactria in 522 bce. Ezra 5 commentary commentary critical and explanatory on. He held the satrapy for over twenty years, and became. In the middle of the following century, cyrus persians threw off its yoke, took over the power and set out along the open road of expansion note maps for median expansion alongside the neobabylonian empire.
Hystaspes became satrap of bactria, one of the most important parts of the achaemenid empire. According to diodorus of sicily, hystaspes was satrap of bactria at the time of his fathers death. Arsames was father of hystaspes, satrap of parthia, and of pharnaces. C she married governor of judah zerubbabel hadavid, son of salathiel hadavid. Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of hystaspes, an achaemenid. Ancient persian governors ancient history encyclopedia. Darius was the eldest of five sons to hystaspes and rhodogune in 550 bce.
Temple of the book, westcar, prisse, ipuwer, pyramid texts of king unas, palermo stone, turin. Immediately after seizing the kingship, darius i of persia son of hystaspes married atossa daughter of cyrus the great. Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the athenians, naxians, and eretrians for their interference in the ionian revolt, the burning of sardis and their victory over the persians at marathon. He accompanied cyrus on his expedition against the massagetae. In any case, he would seem to have been one of the longestsurviving royals anywhere in the world. The satrap was in charge of the land that he owned as an administrator, and found himself surrounded by an allbutroyal court. It was known as the bactriamargiana archaeological complex, or oxus civilisation, and indoeuropean tribes soon integrated into it.
The achaemenid empire was the first persian empire, founded in 550 bc by cyrus the great. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer no kindle device required. Xerxes i the great, king of persia geni family tree. The first edition of the novel was published in 2003, and was written by marjane satrapi. Darius the great darius i, the great, tells the story of the overthrow of bardiya and of the first year of his own rule in detail in his famous royal inscription cut on a rock face at the base of bisitun mountain, a few miles east of modern bakhtaran. C2 he was governor of persepolis under his nephew darius i 04990497 b. He was satrap of persis under cambyses, and probably under cyrus the great also.
In the first centuries ce, a book of oracles of hystaspes was very popular in the roman empire. Becoming enraged and insulted, intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the. Darius the great 3 empire, as it meant that darius would one day rule the whole world. C1 governor of persepolis, persian empire, 04990497 b. Jerome not only asserts, but proves by the testimony of josephus, trogus pompeius, and other historians. Cambyses thereupon, under circumstances that are obscure, took his own life. Satraps article about satraps by the free dictionary. Vishtasp vistaspa, whence hystaspes is the avestanlanguage name of a figure of zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of zoroaster, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophets message. Pdf shimon hatzadik and grandpa yadduah by alexander the. Achaemenid empire, cyrus the great, darius the great, xerxes the. Herodotus tells us that hystaspes was in the persian army during the last war of cyrus the great, which took place in the last months of 530 and was fought against the massagetes. Those glorious days cannot come till a period has been passed far darker than any that has been yet known. Marjane satrapi has 23 books on goodreads with 726118 ratings.